linux网络参数查看方法熟悉Linuxwifi的同学都知道,wpa_supplicant程序是基于netlink与wifi驱动进行通信的。本文学习下Linux的Netlink,给出用户空间与内核空间基于netlink通信的示例。示例包括netlink和Genericnetlink。用户空间程序包括基于原生LinuxAPI和基于libnlAPI。netlink基础netlink协议是一个基于socket的,用于内核与用户空间进程通信的一个协议。关于genericnetlinkAPI我们下一章节详细介绍。

linux网络参数查看方法?熟悉Linux wifi的同学都知道,wpa_supplicant程序是基于netlink与wifi驱动进行通信的 (wpa_supplicant是wifi station用户空间守护进程),今天小编就来聊一聊关于linux网络参数查看方法?接下来我们就一起去研究一下吧!
linux网络参数查看方法
熟悉Linux wifi的同学都知道,wpa_supplicant程序是基于netlink与wifi驱动进行通信的。 (wpa_supplicant是wifi station用户空间守护进程)
本文学习下Linux的Netlink,给出用户空间与内核空间基于netlink通信的示例。 示例包括netlink和Generic netlink。用户空间程序包括基于原生Linux API和基于libnl API。
netlink基础netlink协议是一个基于socket的,用于内核与用户空间进程通信的一个协议。
用户态创建netlink socket的代码如下:
int fd = socket(AF_NETLINK, SOCK_RAW, MY_NETLINK)//socket接口的原型为:int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol);//这里用到了第三个入参protocol,即创建Netlink socket时要指定协议号
内核态创建netlink socket的接口原型为:
struct sock *netlink_kernel_create(struct net *net, int unit, struct netlink_kernel_cfg *cfg)//这里的第二个参数unit为协议号,与用户空间的protocol相同
Netlink消息有固定的格式,struct nlmsghdr
struct nlmsghdr {__u32nlmsg_len;/* Length of message including Header */__u16nlmsg_type; /* Message content */__u16nlmsg_flags;/* Additional flags */__u32nlmsg_seq;/* Sequence number */__u32nlmsg_pid;/* Sending process port ID */};
完整示例见github: https://github.com/jian-soft/netlink_examples
下文为关键代码注释。
原生Linux API示例内核侧示例//定义自己的netlink协议号#define MY_NETLINK 31//接收回调,即内核侧收到用户发来的netlink消息回调static void netlink_recv_msg(struct sk_buff *skb){...nlh = (struct nlmsghdr *)skb->data;//取netlink消息头pid = nlh->nlmsg_pid; /* pid of sending process */msg = (char *)nlmsg_data(nlh);//取netlink消息data部分msg_size = strlen(msg);printk(KERN_INFO "netlink_kernel: Received from pid %d: %s\n", pid, msg);...}//定义netlink_kernel_cfg,即声明接收回调struct netlink_kernel_cfg cfg = {.input = netlink_recv_msg,};//创建内核测netlink socketg_nl_sock = netlink_kernel_create(&init_net, MY_NETLINK, &cfg);if (!g_nl_sock) {printk(KERN_ALERT "netlink_kernel: Error creating socket.\n");return -10;}
int main(int argc, char* argv[]){//创建socketsock_fd = socket(PF_NETLINK, SOCK_RAW, MY_NETLINK);memset(&src_addr, 0, sizeof(src_addr));src_addr.nl_family = AF_NETLINK;src_addr.nl_pid = getpid(); /* self pid *///绑定端口bind(sock_fd, (struct sockaddr*)&src_addr, sizeof(src_addr));//设置目标地址为内核netlinkmemset(&dest_addr, 0, sizeof(dest_addr));dest_addr.nl_family = AF_NETLINK;dest_addr.nl_pid = 0; /* For Linux Kernel */dest_addr.nl_groups = 0; /* unicast *///可以通过sendmsg或sendto两种接口向内核发送消息//相应的有recvmsg和recvfrom两种接口接收来自内核的消息//详见github,此处略}
libnl对用户空间Linu原生的netlink API进行了封装,使得用户空间程序更容易编写,尤其是对于generic netlink API。 关于generic netlink API我们下一章节详细介绍。
另外wpa_supplicant与内核wifi驱动的通信就是用的libnl generic netlink API。
先介绍下libnl的主要接口,定义在头文件<netlink/netlink.h>
//创建netlink socket, libnl中用struct nl_sock表示一个socket#include <netlink/socket.h>struct nl_sock *nl_socket_alloc(void)void nl_socket_free(struct nl_sock *sk)//回调配置struct nl_cb *nl_socket_get_cb(const struct nl_sock *sk);void nl_socket_set_cb(struct nl_sock *sk, struct nl_cb *cb);int nl_socket_modify_cb(struct nl_sock *, enum nl_cb_type, enum nl_cb_kind, nl_recvmsg_msg_cb_t, void *);//发送int nl_send_auto(struct nl_sock *sk, struct nl_msg *msg)int nl_send(struct nl_sock *sk, struct nl_msg *msg)int nl_send_iovec(struct nl_sock *sk, struct nl_msg *msg, struct iovec *iov, unsigned iovlen)int nl_sendmsg(struct nl_sock *sk, struct nl_msg *msg, struct msghdr *hdr) //nl_sendmsg里调用Linux原生sendmsg接口int nl_sendto(struct nl_sock *sk, void *buf, size_t size) //nl_sendto调用Linux原生sendto接口int nl_send_simple(struct nl_sock *sk, int type, int flags, void *buf, size_t size)//接收int nl_recvmsgs_default(struct nl_sock *sk)int nl_recvmsgs(struct nl_sock *sk, struct nl_cb *cb)//如果socket是阻塞的,就阻塞式接收。recv到数据之后,通过cb进行处理
基于上一节的例子,内核测代码不变,用户侧使用libnl重写。
#include <netlink/netlink.h>#include <netlink/msg.h>#define MY_NETLINK 31#define MY_NETLINK_TYPE_SET 0//接收回调static int my_input(struct nl_msg *msg, void *arg){struct nlmsghdr *nlh = nlmsg_hdr(msg);char *data = nlmsg_data(nlh);int datalen = nlmsg_datalen(nlh);printf("input cb: datalen:%d, data:%d\n", datalen, data);return 0;}int main(int argc, char* argv[]){struct nl_sock *sk;int ret;//创建并绑定socketsk = nl_socket_alloc();ret = nl_connect(sk, MY_NETLINK);//修改接收回调函数,收到任何消息都会回调my_inputnl_socket_modify_cb(sk, NL_CB_MSG_IN, NL_CB_CUSTOM, my_input, NULL);char msg[] = "Hello libnl!\n"ret = nl_send_simple(sk, MY_NETLINK_TYPE_SET, 0, msg, sizeof(msg));//阻塞式等待接收。接收到内核发来的消息后,会进入接收回调my_inputnl_recvmsgs_default(sk);nl_socket_free(sk);}
netlink通信协议在不修改内核源码的情况下,最大只支持定义32种协议。 随着netlink的使用越来越多,32个协议号已不够用,所以引入了generic netlink。 generic netlink其实是对netlink报文进行了又一次封装,generic netlink使用的netlink协议号是NETLINK_GENERIC=16。
genl的消息格式如下:
01230 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -|Netlink message header (nlmsghdr)|- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -| Generic Netlink message header (genlmsghdr)|- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -|Optional user specific message header|- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -| Optional Generic Netlink message payload|- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -struct genlmsghdr {__u8cmd;__u8version;__u16reserved;};//genl的message payload基于netlink的属性机制,即payload是由一个个nlattr组成/* *<------- NLA_hdrLEN ------> <-- NLA_ALIGN(payload)--> *--------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -* |Header| Pad |Payload| Pad | * |(struct nlattr)| ing || ing | *--------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -*<-------------- nlattr->nla_len --------------> */struct nlattr {__u16 nla_len;__u16 nla_type;};
参考: https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/networking/generic_netlink_howto
注意:genl_register_ops接口只在3.12及之前版本有; 3.13~4.9版本用genl_register_family_with_ops; 4.10版本及以后没有注册ops的接口,只有注册family的接口,ops要直接定义在family内。
本文示例基于4.15内核。
注册generic netlink family需要3步:
- 定义操作
- 定义family
- 注册family
/* Step1: 定义操作 *//* attributes */enum {EXMPL_A_UNSPEC,EXMPL_A_MSG,_EXMPL_A_MAX,};#define EXMPL_A_MAX (_EXMPL_A_MAX - 1)/* attribute policy */static struct nla_policy exmpl_genl_policy[EXMPL_A_MAX1] = {[EXMPL_A_MSG] = {.type = NLA_NUL_STRING},};// handlerstatic int exmpl_ECHO(struct sk_buff *skb, struct genl_info *info);// commandsenum {EXMPL_C_UNSPEC,EXMPL_C_ECHO,_EXMPL_C_MAX,};#define EXMPL_C_MAX (_EXMPL_C_MAX - 1)// operation definitionstruct genl_ops exmpl_genl_ops[EXMPL_C_MAX] = {{.cmd = EXMPL_C_ECHO,.doit = exmpl_echo,.policy = exmpl_genl_policy,}};
#define FAMILY_NAME "my_genl"/* Step2: 定义family */// family definitionstatic struct genl_family my_genl_family = {.id = 0,.hdrsize = 0,//表示没有用户自定义的额外header.name = FAMILY_NAME,.version = 1,.ops = exmpl_genl_ops,.n_ops = ARRAY_SIZE(exmpl_genl_ops),.maxattr = EXMPL_A_MAX1,};// handler的具体定义static int exmpl_echo(struct sk_buff *skb, struct genl_info *info){struct nlattr *na;struct sk_buff *reply_skb;void *msg_head;int ret;printk("%s in.\n", __func__);//内核已经解析好了每个attrna = info->attrs[EXMPL_A_MSG];if (!na) {printk("Error: attr EXMPL_A_MSG is null\n");return -EINVAL;}printk("Recv message: %s\n", nla_data(na));//将收到的消息发回去reply_skb = genlmsg_new(NLMSG_GOODSIZE, GFP_KERNEL);//填写genl消息头msg_head = genlmsg_put(reply_skb, info->snd_portid, info->snd_seq, &my_genl_family, 0, EXMPL_C_ECHO);//向skb尾部填写attrnla_put_string(reply_skb, EXMPL_A_MSG, nla_data(na));//Finalize the message: 更新nlmsghdr中的nlmsg_len字段genlmsg_end(reply_skb, msg_head);//Send the message backret = genlmsg_reply(reply_skb, info);if (ret != 0) {printk("genlmsg_reply return fail: %d\n", ret);return -ret;}return 0;}
/* Step3: 注册famliy */int ret;ret = genl_register_family(&my_genl_family);if (err != 0) {printk("genl_register_family fail, ret:%d\n", ret);return ret;}
#define MY_FAMILY_NAME "my_genl"//用户侧需要定义和内核侧相同的属性以及命令,所以通常把这一部分摘成一个独立的.h,内核和app共用//这里没有摘成一个独立的.h,用户侧也重复定义一份/* attributes */enum {EXMPL_A_UNSPEC,EXMPL_A_MSG,_EXMPL_A_MAX,};#define EXMPL_A_MAX (_EXMPL_A_MAX - 1)// define attribute policystatic struct nla_policy exmpl_genl_policy[EXMPL_A_MAX1] = {[EXMPL_A_MSG] = {.type = NLA_STRING},};// commandsenum {EXMPL_C_UNSPEC,EXMPL_C_ECHO,_EXMPL_C_MAX,};#define EXMPL_C_MAX (_EXMPL_C_MAX - 1)//接收回调定义int recv_callback(struct nl_msg* recv_msg, void* arg){struct nlmsghdr *nlh = nlmsg_hdr(recv_msg);struct nlattr *tb_msg[EXMPL_A_MAX1];if (nlh->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_ERROR) {printf("Received NLMSG_ERROR message!\n");return NL_STOP;}struct genlmsghdr *gnlh = (struct genlmsghdr*)nlmsg_data(nlh);//按照每attr解析内核发来的genl消息nla_parse(tb_msg, EXMPL_A_MAX,genlmsg_attrdata(gnlh, 0),genlmsg_attrlen(gnlh, 0),exmpl_genl_policy);//判断是否包含属性EXMPL_A_MSGif (tb_msg[EXMPL_A_MSG]) {// parse it as stringchar * payload_msg = nla_get_string(tb_msg[EXMPL_A_MSG]);printf("Kernel replied: %s\n", payload_msg);} else {printf("Attribute EXMPL_A_MSG is missing\n");}return NL_OK;}int main(int argc, char* argv[]){//创建并连接genl socketstruct nl_sock *sk = nl_socket_alloc();genl_connect(sk);//根据FAMILY_NAME获得对应的famlily_idint family_id;family_id = genl_ctrl_resolve(sk, FAMILY_NAME);if (family_id < 0) {printf("generic netlink family '" FAMILY_NAME "' NOT REGISTERED\n");nl_socket_free(sk);exit(-1);} else {printf("Family-ID of generic netlink family '" FAMILY_NAME "' is: %d\n", family_id);}//设置接收回调nl_socket_modify_cb(sk, NL_CB_MSG_IN, NL_CB_CUSTOM, recv_callback, NULL);//发送消息struct nl_msg *msg = nlmsg_alloc();genlmsg_put(msg, NL_AUTO_PORT, NL_AUTO_SEQ, family_id,0, NLM_F_REQUEST, EXMPL_C_ECHO, 1);NLA_PUT_STRING(msg, EXMPL_A_MSG, "genl message from user to kernel");int res = nl_send_auto(sk, msg);nlmsg_free(msg);if (res < 0) {printf("nl_send_auto fail, ret:%d\n", res);} else {printf("nl_send_auto OK, ret: %d\n", res);}//接收消息。接收到内核发来的消息后,触发回调recv_callbacknl_recvmsgs_default(sk);nla_put_failure: //referenced by NLA_PUT_STRINGnl_socket_free(sk);return 0;}
这里的示例是内核收到用户空间发来的genl消息后,根据发送端的struct genl_info *info, 调用genlmsg_reply(reply_skb, info),将内核的genl消息单播给用户空间app。
如果内核不知道用户空间的socket信息,内核如何将消息发送到用户空间呢? 这时一般用组播netlink消息,即内核将消息组播出去。用户空间谁订阅了这个组播,谁就能收到内核发来的消息。 关于组播netlink示例,后续有空再补一下。。。
完整示例见github: https://github.com/jian-soft/netlink_examples
